July 04, 2009

Happy Independence Day!

by Jason

I want to wish all of the readers of Erosophia a happy Independence Day!

I think it is important today to reflect on the reasons why America is great and for what reasons our founding fathers risked their lives, freedom, and property to rebel against England.

It was certainly not because they wanted to rule, nor did they want to create some kind of Utopian society of "equals." No, these great men had but one thing in mind for their rebellion: freedom.

They wanted the freedom to pursue their own happiness as they saw fit, they wanted the right to their own lives.

I think it is important to reflect on these things and the stark contrast they provide with the current state of our country that wants to shackle all to all, with liberty for none. After all, if we are all equally slaves, aren't we finally equal?

July 01, 2009

Bisexual Species

by Jason

Scientific American has a really interesting article up called "Bisexual Species" which deals with the subject of bisexuality in animals that is worth a read.

One thing that I think is seriously inhibiting research in this area is the current idea that there are two rigid categories of sexual orientation: "homosexual" and "heterosexual." First of all, bisexual is a legitimate category of sexual orientation in humans. In lesser animals, who cannot self-identify with an orientation, it makes no sense to say that they are homosexual or heterosexual (or bisexual). Rather, one should only describe their actions as homosexual or heterosexual. As the article points out, captivity or availability of mates can cause many animals in different species to exhibit homosexual action. However, the animal will again "change orientations" if the conditions change again. This phenomenon is better understandable if we don't consider the animals to be preset with rigid categories, but rather to have sexual urges and a drive to satisfy these.

Indeed, research in humans also makes this same point about sexual adaptability: that situational contexts can "alter" someone's sexual orientation. For example, it's well known that in situations where there are only others of the same sex (prison, the military, etc) that individuals will exhibit homosexual tendencies, even if this individual has never shown these tendencies before or if they will never show them again (after the context has changed). While sexual orientation may be helpful to think of how a person chooses to express their overall sexual attractions, I think that a Kinsey type fluid scale is the most accurate way to truly describe a person's sexuality as it can account for the nuances that are closer to the ways in which people actually experience their sexuality.

June 29, 2009

Why Get Married?

by Megan

Since Jason’s and my wedding is coming up in less than two weeks now, I thought it might be interesting to write something about why I think that marriage, in general, is something worthwhile. After all, it might seem that the most rational approach to romantic relationships would be to simply live with someone one loved for as long as living with that person brought joy to one’s life. Then, if the relationship became less valuable over time, one would be free to pursue a more valuable and meaningful one. Further, it seems that a person who is genuinely committed to self-actualization would benefit more from multiple partners over her lifetime because she would gain more opportunities to learn things about herself as the number of people with whom she had lived increased.

A common reason that people decide to get married in the face of these reasons not to do so is that they believe that they are somehow destined to be together; that each of them is “the one” for the other. However, since I don’t believe that there’s anyone out there coming up with little destinies for everyone, I also don’t think that it is impossible that there might be someone somewhere in the world who might make a better spouse for me than Jason, although certainly I think it’s extremely unlikely that I’ll ever meet anyone else who is as right for me as he is. So why am I willing to bind myself for life to just one person?

I think that part of the value of a lifelong commitment to someone one loves is that it transforms life from a solitary journey into a true partnership. Instead of being on her own in the world, a person who is married has someone who will always be there as a source of support, encouragement and challenge, someone with whom she will make the most important decisions of her life and someone with whom she will both celebrate her triumphs and find encouragement when she encounters adversity. As long as the two people in a marriage share the same overall goals in life, they can be each other’s greatest source of strength and achieve more together than they could have achieved alone.

Another part of the value of a lifelong commitment is that there are levels of intimacy that can only be experienced by people who have known each other for many years and who have promised to live out their lives together. Knowing that one’s spouse will be there for life allows one to bare one’s soul in a way that might otherwise be difficult, whether in sexual situations or simply in conversation about one’s greatest wishes and fears. Anyone who chose to have many short-term relationships instead of getting married (or anyone who didn’t have the opportunity to form a good marriage because she never met a suitable person) would never be able to achieve this level of intimacy.

A lifelong commitment is also valuable because it involves a clear decision of what kind of person one is going to be. It is all too easy to float through life, changing one’s mind with the current and never making any real commitments to any ideals. Getting married, however, means committing to the goals and ideals that one shares with one’s spouse, since one has promised to maintain the relationship for life and the relationship would fail without shared goals and ideals. Of course there are cases in which one might realize later that the relationship is based on evil ideals, in which case one would be obligated to do everything possible to convince the other partner in the marriage to change his mind, but it is best to consider the ideals in which one’s marriage is founded carefully before making the commitment in the first place. So, marriage has the additional benefit of involving a choice of a clear direction for one’s life, as well as someone to encourage one in working in that direction.

Of course, the most obvious value of getting married is that it allows me to spend the rest of my days with Jason, which is something that I badly want to do because I am much happier with him than I am without him. Being separated is terrible, and marriage is a way of promising not to ever let that happen. Without the experience of joy in the presence of the person one is marrying, the rest of the value of marriage would obviously be unattainable. In other words, marriage only works if you’re marrying someone you love.

But even if a lifelong commitment is valuable, why does that mean that this commitment has to occur in the form of a public ceremony followed by a big, expensive party? After all, couldn’t Jason and I achieve all of the above values by simply promising to stay together for life one afternoon in our backyard? I think that we probably could achieve most of the value of marriage through a private promise, but I also think that there is additional value in the very publicness of the commitment that we’ll make in front of our friends and family. Our wedding ceremony and the rings we will wear afterward will be our way of telling the world that we are together and we mean it, that the two of us are a family, and that our lives are centered around each other. The people who witness our commitment will hopefully become people who support it when we encounter challenges in our relationship, and anyone who sees us afterward will know by our rings that we are not available. Instead of being a private promise that will be known only to us and those whom we tell, our marriage will be a matter of public record, supported by our government. Rather than being two people who promised fidelity to each other, we will be a legal unit. Having our commitment recognized by our government, those who witness our marriage and everyone we meet afterward will help to strengthen it, thereby increasing the likelihood that we will achieve the values that a successful lifelong commitment can bring.

June 28, 2009

Amazon's Toys

by Jason

I recently discovered that Amazon.com is now selling sex toys in their "Sexual Wellness" section. They have a surprisingly good selection and, as usual, their prices are good. For example:

For women, they have the famous "Jackrabbit":



For men they have most of the legendary "Aneros" line:





For couples, they have condoms and lube at good prices:







I think it's great that Amazon is now selling sex toys and that this will give people better access to them (especially those who feel awkward shopping for them in person or who do not have sex toy stores in their towns). I also think that it's time that people recognize that sexual pleasure is a necessary part of a human life and that sex toys can be a valuable part of this, whether you are single or part of a relationship. Sex toys should no longer be thought of as shameful, but as valuable tools to improve our sexual lives.

June 22, 2009

My Life

by Jason

As I die,
I want to be able to look back on my life,
And say,
My life was its own reason for being.

I want,
To know that every breath had a purpose
And that
The purpose was self-chosen and self-consecrated.

Never,
Shall my life be a means to another’s ends,
To be
Used and discarded for their purposes.

My life,
My beautiful, precious life, is mine alone.
It is,
All that I am, and I will make it great.

June 21, 2009

mr. deity

by Jason

For those of you who want to understand the god of the bible better and the story behind the book of books, I present you with mr. deity.

(Warning: not for those afflicted with faith.)

June 17, 2009

Objectivism and Sexuality

by Jason

On Sunday I delivered my first public philosophy lecture on sexuality to the Ohio Objectivist Society (OOS). The title of the talk was "Objectivism and Sexuality: an Inquiry into the Underlying Operations". All in all, I think the talk went very well. The group had some good questions afterword and we spent some time talking about sexuality.

There should be video of the speech on YouTube in the next week or so. Once it's up, I'll update this post with the links.

Anyone wanting a PDF copy of the speech can leave a comment with their e-mail. The speech is copyrighted by me and I ask that if you do ask for one, that you not duplicate it or pass it to others.

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Objectivism and Sexuality
An Inquiry into the Underlying Operations

“Tell me what a man finds sexually attractive
and I will tell you his entire philosophy of life.
Show me the woman he sleeps with
and I will tell you his valuation of himself."
~Ayn Rand

In order to understand why Ayn Rand thought this, and why she is right about it, we need to first understand how sexual attraction works. For too long sex has been thought to be impervious to reason and completely outside the province of our understanding. Happily, however, this is not the case. In this essay we are going to endeavor to understand the nature of sexuality and its operation. By the time we conclude our analysis, we shall be able to fully understand why Ayn Rand thought that one could discern a man’s entire philosophy from his sexual attractions and activities.

June 16, 2009

Recovering Religionists

by Jason

In case you've been religious for a while and you need help extricating yourself from the layers of irrationality, a new group "Recovering Religionists" is here to help. Check out their description below and their website: www.recoveringreligionists.com

(via Dawkins)
------------------------------------

If you are one of the millions of people who have determined that religion no longer has a place in your life, this may be the right spot for you. Many people love the social support they get from religion, but can’t deal with all the crazy ideas they are required to espouse. It can be difficult to leave a religion because family and culture put so much pressure on us to stay and pretend to believe. If this is you, we want to help you find your way out. We are Recovering Religionists™, people who have given religion our best shot but just can’t bring ourselves to believe in virgin births, resurrections, 2000 year old miracles and the “power of prayer.” We are recovering Baptists, Mormons, Catholics, Jehovah Wittnesses, Hindus, Moslems, Lutherans, Pentecostals, Evangelicals, and more.


Leaving religion is full of potential problems, both emotional and practical. How do you tell your elderly parents? How does it affect your marriage? How do you break the news to your religious friends and what if it disrupts the friendship? How to deal with child rearing issues? Who can I talk to about my feelings without being told, “You just need more faith.” Like you just need to be a little more gullible. Recovering from Religion talks about all these and more. If getting out of religion is your concern, RR can probably help.

June 15, 2009

Evolving Planet

by Megan


This past weekend I visited the Field Museum in Chicago, and I particularly enjoyed the "Evolving Planet" exhibition, which has been in the museum since 2006. I was amused by the fact that anyone who wanted to see most of the dinosaur skeletons that the museum owns was forced to walk through the first part of the exhibition, in which the origins of life on the planet are explored scientifically and rationally (i.e., not religiously). This meant that creationists who wanted to see dinosaurs were forced to at least walk past signs explaining evolution and evidence for evolution in the form of fossils. I thought that this was brilliant on the part of the museum, and also hilarious to watch. Some parents pushed their children quickly through that part of the exhibition, refusing to let them stop and look at anything. I heard one mother explain this to her confused daughter by saying, "Mommy doesn't like this exhibit." I also heard some poor fool wonder, "If evolution is true, how come our arms aren't as strong as monkeys' arms?" Of course, while the comments and behavior were funny, they were also quite disturbing. It is sad to see what is left of a human mind warped by faith.

One thing that I didn't like about the exhibition, although I wholly expected it, was their choice to end it with a call for species conservation. In total, the exhibition included descriptions of six mass extinctions in earth's history. A mass extinction occurs when a large number of species suddenly become extinct in a relatively small amount of time. Whenever such an extinction occurred, the end of some species meant new opportunity for other species: just as is the case with individual organisms, life and death were closely connected. As I went through the exhibition, I realized that mass extinctions are neither bad nor good; they are simply change. After all, if it were not for the mass extinction of the dinosaurs, mammals that eventually evolved into humans would not have been able to flourish. However, the exhibition ended by stating that we are currently in the midst of mass extinction number six as a result of human activity on the planet, such as deforestation and pollution. Suddenly, 'mass extinction' went from meaning 'something natural that leads to opportunities for some species even as it leads to the extinction of others' to meaning 'something evil that humans do.' It seems strange to me that the same phenomenon would be evil when it results from the actions of one particular species and neutral or perhaps even good when it results from other causes. Of course, it would be one thing to argue that as humans we are threatening our own survival and therefore we must change our behavior in order to continue to survive as a species, but that was not the argument; rather, the claim was that mass extinction itself is suddenly bad because humans are involved.

Another minor problem with the exhibition was the language it used to describe natural selection. Although there was a clear explanation of the workings of natural selection, later in the exhibition natural selection suddenly seemed to become an agent rather than simply a process. For example, natural selection was said to "choose" certain traits, and at one point a species was described as being "engineered for" a certain purpose. It would be much clearer and more accurate to simply say that certain traits increased the chance of survival and reproduction in an organism's environment.

Overall, though, I thought the exhibition was fantastic. It provided fascinating information about the origins and evolution of life on earth even to those who wished to close their own and their children's ears to knowledge. It made me feel incredibly lucky and delighted to be alive, and to be human.

June 10, 2009

Responses to the Ideal

by Megan

There are two common ways to respond to portrayals or actualizations of the ideal in some area of human endeavor: we can either be intimidated, or inspired. For example, an amateur runner might see a professional athlete run at a speed that is far beyond the amateur’s abilities and react by feeling despondent about her own running skills, perhaps even resenting the professional runner for making her feel bad about herself. Or, the amateur runner could respond by admiring the professional runner and using the image of the professional runner to inspire her to push herself harder in her own workouts. Certainly the second reaction seems much healthier and more productive than the first.

Unfortunately, most people in the U.S. seem to be intimidated rather than inspired when they encounter portrayals and actualizations of the ideal. Any literature, film or advertisement that portrays an idealized person or character is quickly condemned as unrealistic and even oppressive because it negatively affects the self esteem of people who think they could never rise up to that level of excellence. When computer programs are used to idealize the bodies of models, for example, people respond with anger because they feel that young women and men will feel inadequate when they compare themselves to those models. (Of course, in some cases the supposed “ideal” that is portrayed is not a healthy body, which means it is not really an ideal.) When heroes or even just people who more or less have their lives together are portrayed in film, they are condemned as unrealistic, while the characters who bumble around failing at simple tasks and succeeding only by luck are considered realistic and therefore better. Similarly, people in workplaces and schools who seem to be happy and in control of their lives are resented for being “too perfect,” and others spend time trying to prove that the “perfect” people have flaws so that they no longer have to think about an intimidating ideal.

What is behind this cultural impulse to be intimidated rather than inspired by portrayals and actualizations of the ideal? I think that it is a combination of a lack of confidence in our own abilities and a lack of interest in achieving good things. Moving oneself closer to an ideal in any area of endeavor is no quick or easy process; it requires a lot of hard work and dedication, which many people are unwilling to choose instead of spending yet another evening sitting in front of the television. Further, some people are just satisfied with getting themselves through the day, and whether or not they have achieved anything of significance is not important to them. When the ideal is something that one is uninterested in achieving or too lazy to achieve, its presence or portrayal serves as a painful reminder that there is more in life to be achieved than one has presently gained. Therefore, one resents the ideal for being so much better than oneself.

If you find yourself intimidated by the portrayal of a genuine ideal, ask yourself why that ideal intimidates you. Is it something that you want to achieve, but you think you cannot? Are you too lazy to expend the effort to achieve ideals, or have you given up on achievement entirely in favor of the path of least resistance? Only when we ask ourselves these difficult questions can we become healthy people who are inspired to take one step closer to achieving our ideals when we encounter others who are brave and dedicated enough to achieve their own.